In terms of humanistic epistemology, the present book presents an empirical-positive view of historical philosophy, emphasizing that the first cause of power struggles and evil-doings in human history comes from the human nature rooted in biological substrate, while all related external factors act as the external conditions or secondary reasons. Therefore, enlightened progress of civilizations depends on the effective formation of political-legal institutions rather than on the improved morality that remains the effect of the sociopolitical circumstances. In light of this point of view, the book reinterprets the causal connections between ancient tyrannies, the Enlightenment, and utopian socialism, especially representing the paradoxical connections between classical Marxism and Lenin-Stalinism, and pointing out why 20th century Communist realism betrays rather than inherits the 19th century Socialist utopianism at the ideal level. Far from being the inheritor of socialist utopian-idealism, the modern Communist movement is a modernized restoration of the traditional tyrannies at a much enlarged and more systematic scale.
